After the collapse of the Soviet Union, The US has been functioning and using its power as a hegemonic state, by providing a liberal international economic order and security system alone. The US has been maintaining a hegemonic order and having different spheres of influencing on other states.

This study brought a unique fact of findings by presenting a careful and detail analysis of the local governance institutional arrangements in the context of coastal tin extraction in Bangka Island. This study specifically compares the governance mechanism issues across two distinct coastal tin producing settings and two different community contexts. Using multiple case study design, this study successfully depicted that for the most part, the decision-making mechanism deployed in the issuance of mining social permit did little to address the primary concerns of all related actors fairly and frequently privileging the interest of mining companies while marginalizing the alternative values and the concerns of affected locals. Public involvement failed to accommodate all stakeholders’ views, but the local level cannot accommodate their interests because some local political situation and elites’ domination effect have control over the decision-making process for mining permits. Both economic and local socio-political factors influenced the local community’s acceptance of suction dredging. The compensation offered provided a compelling reason for agreeing to permit the mining license. Resource depletion and deterioration, a reduction in the quantity and price of fish, and difficulties associated with finding alternative livelihoods were key reasons for opposing suction dredging.

Somaliland is one of those unrecognised states, characterised by weak economies and in stability on their borders. Like most of unrecognised states, Somaliland pays high costs for non-recognition. There are dozens of issues, affecting its long-term sustainability and survival, such as its weak economy and international isolation.